Studies in MBO Effectiveness,
分析了185项关于目标管理对员工生产率和/或工作满意度影响的研究，发现研究支持度与研究设计严谨性成反比，五个严格控制的实验倾向于认为目标管理无效，因此权变方法比肯定或否定其有效性更合适。
Management by objectives (MBO) is a popular management approach the efficacy of which has been seriously questioned recently. I have analyzed 185 studies for the effects of MBO on employee productivity and/or job satisfaction. Research support for MBO was found to be inversely related to the degree of research design sophistication. Although the five well-controlled experiments leaned toward finding MBO to be ineffective, it appears a contingency approach to MBO is more appropriate than a definitive affirmation or rejection of MBO effectiveness.