From “Distance” to “Friction”: Substituting Metaphors and Redirecting Intercultural Research
批评文化距离隐喻的局限性，提出用文化摩擦替代，强调权力关系和实际冲突，对国际管理学者有用。
The cultural distance metaphor dominates international management research, promoting a sterile, detached view where static antecedents in the form of artificially constructed differences serve as the dominant lens through which culture is viewed and its impact assessed. We examine culture and its positivist treatment in the foreign direct investment literature using the theoretical and real-world lenses. Adopting a social constructionist approach, we propose cultural friction as a substitute metaphor centered on the actual encounter of cultural systems within a context of power relations and potential conflict between a multinational enterprise and its host country constituencies.