Market and Welfare Effects of Second‐Generation, Consumer‐Oriented GM Products
建立了一个允许消费者和生产者异质性的模型，分析面向消费者的转基因产品进入食品体系的经济效应，发现其可将转基因与传统/有机产品的关系从垂直差异化转为水平差异化，并提升经济福利与市场接受度。
Abstract We examine the economic effects of the introduction of consumer‐oriented genetically modified (GM) products into the food system by developing a model of heterogeneous consumers and producers that allows for vertical and horizontal differentiation between the products available to consumers. The model facilitates the estimation of consumer and producer surpluses in the product/utility and product/net returns spaces. Results show that the introduction of consumer‐oriented GM products can change the relationship between GM and conventional and organic products from one of vertical to one of horizontal product differentiation and can enhance both economic welfare and the market acceptance and growth of agricultural biotechnology.