The Condition of the Working Class in England, 1209–2004
利用1209至2004年建筑工人工资和技能溢价数据，分析工业革命的起因与后果，发现马尔萨斯时代的技术停滞在1640年左右已被打破，且人力资本积累始于技能回报不变、生育率上升之时。
I use building workers' wages for 12092004 and the skill premium to consider the causes and consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Real wages were trendless before 1800, as would be predicted for the Malthusian era. Comparing wages with population, however, suggests that the break from the technological stagnation of the Malthusian era came around 1640, long before the classic Industrial Revolution, and even before the arrival of modern democracy in 1689. Building wages also conflict with human capital interpretations of the Industrial Revolution, as modeled by Gary Becker, Kevin Murphy, and Robert Tamura; Oded Galor and David Weil; and Robert Lucas. Human capital accumulation began when the rewards for skills were unchanged and when fertility was increasing.