Voluntary Pollution Reduction Programs, Environmental Management, and Environmental Performance: An Empirical Study
实证研究了美国环保局首个自愿污染减排计划（33/50计划）如何通过推动企业采用全面质量环境管理（TQEM）来实现污染减排，发现TQEM显著减少了污染物排放，且参与计划本身也带来了额外的直接减排效果。
This paper examines, empirically, the mechanism by which a voluntary pollution reduction program (VPR) achieves pollution reductions. We find that participation in the 33/50 program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s first VPR, spurred the adoption of total quality environmental management (TQEM), an environmental management system that views pollution as a quality defect to be continuously reduced through the development of products and processes that minimize waste generation at source. We find in turn that TQEM had a significant negative effect on 33/50 releases and that 33/50 participation produced additional direct pollution reduction benefits both during and after the program years. <i></i>