Pace, rhythm, and scope: process dependence in building a profitable multinational corporation
研究了企业国际化过程（速度、地理与产品市场范围、扩张模式的不规则性）如何影响其从海外扩张中获得的盈利增长，发现扩张速度过快、范围过广或模式不规则会削弱盈利提升。
Abstract Many potential benefits of foreign expansion have been identified in the literature, yet empirical support that multinational firms perform better than domestic firms is mixed. This paper takes a longitudinal perspective and argues that how much a firm benefits from having foreign subsidiaries depends on its process of internationalization. We argue that a firm's capacity to absorb expansion is subject to constraints: some expansion patterns increase profitability less than others, owing to diseconomies of time compression. We hypothesize that the speed of internationalization, the spread of the geographical and product markets entered, and the irregularity of the expansion pattern negatively moderate a firm's increase in profitability resulting from international expansion. Model estimations based on panel data raised strong support for these predictions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.