Labor Mobility and Lengthy Jobs in Nineteenth-Century America
利用19世纪企业工资单和州劳工统计局调查数据，发现美国男性工人平均在当前岗位工作约4年，非工会男性平均可留任近13年，挑战了此前关于一战前劳动力“临时”和“不稳定”的普遍看法。
Extensive amounts of geographic mobility and high rates of labor turnover before World War I gave rise to the notion that the industrial labor force was “casual” and “impermanent.” But data from firms' payrolls and from nineteenth-century surveys conducted by state labor statistics bureaus show that male workers averaged about four years of experience in their current jobs. Data from an 1892 survey of San Francisco workers show that the average non-union male could expect to remain with his current employer almost 13 years.