Systems of Employee Voice: Theoretical and Empirical Perspectives
比较了西欧国家强制性的员工发言机制（如工人委员会、共同决定）与美国自愿性机制（如工会、非工会申诉程序），指出非工会程序在美国大企业中常见但可能引发报复，为企业选择发言系统提供参考。
The mechanisms by which voice is provided to employees vary widely. Mandated voice systems, which are common in Western European nations, include works councils, codetermination, and legislated protection against unjust dismissal. Voluntary voice systems, which are common in the U. S., include unionism, accompanied by collective bargaining and grievance procedures, and nonunion grievance-like dispute resolution procedures. These nonunion procedures have become commonplace in large U. S. firms, but sometimes result in reprisals against employees and managers who are directly involved in their use. Thus it is important for businesses operating in the U. S. to make informed choices among the wide range of voluntary employee voice systems that prevail in the labor market.