Nonparametric bounds on the effect of deductibles in health care insurance on doctor visits – Swiss evidence
用非参数边界方法，在最小统计假设下评估瑞士基本医保中免赔额大小对就医概率的影响，发现高免赔额会降低就医，部分源于道德风险减少。
We evaluate the effect of the size of deductibles in the basic health insurance in Switzerland on the probability of a doctor visit. We employ nonparametric bounding techniques to minimise statistical assumptions. In order to tighten the bounds we consider two further assumptions: mean independence of an instrument and monotone treatment response. Under these two assumption we are able to bound the causal effect of high deductibles compared to low deductibles below zero. We conclude that the difference in health care utilisation is partly due to a reduction of moral hazard effects.