Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage, Transport Costs, and Trade
利用不同数据集研究运输成本如何受地理和基础设施影响，发现基础设施对内陆国家尤其重要，基础设施恶化会显著提高运输成本并减少贸易量。
The authors use different data sets to investigate the dependence of transport costs on geography and infrastructure. Infrastructure is an important determinant of transport costs, especially for landlocked countries. Analysis of bilateral trade data confirms the importance of infrastructure and gives an estimate of the elasticity of trade flows with respect to the trade cost factor of around -3. A deterioration of infrastructure from the median to the 75th percentile raises transport costs by 12 percentage points and reduces trade volumes by 28 percent. Analysis of African trade flows indicates that their relatively low level is largely due to poor infrastructure.