Child Labor: Lessons from the Historical Experience of Today's Industrial Economies
比较19世纪工业化国家与当今发展中国家的童工现象，发现早期工业化国家童工更普遍，但技术进步和价值观转变带来乐观前景；孤儿、失父儿童和大家庭儿童最易受害，财政转移和街头儿童政策是有效干预手段。
Child labor was more prevalent in 19th-century industrializers than it is in developing countries today. It was particularly extensive in the earliest industrializers. This pattern may be a source of optimism signaling the spread of technologies that have little use for child labor and of values that endorse the preservation and protection of childhood. Today and historically, orphaned and fatherless children and those in large families are most vulnerable. Efficient interventions to curb child labor involve fiscal transfers to these children and active policies toward street children. Changes in capitalist labor markets (including technology), family strategies, state policies, and cultural norms are examined to shed light on the causes, chronology, and consequences of child labor.