Price, Quality, and Variety: Measuring the Gains from Trade in Differentiated Products
研究了1996至2005年印度打印机进口数据，发现贸易自由化带来的福利收益主要来自质量提升，价格下降次之，品种增加最小，且小企业获益最大。
This paper explores the gains from trade in differentiated products from three channels: decreases in price, improvements in quality, and increases in variety. Using data on Indian imports of computer printers from 1996 to 2005, a period of trade liberalization, I find that quality was the leading source of welfare gains. Consumers would require a 65 percent decrease in all 1996 prices to be as well off as they were with the quality available in 2005. The contribution of price was slightly smaller, while variety lagged farther behind. These effects varied across buyers, as gains were largest for small businesses.