Searching for The Optimal Level of Employee Turnover: A Study of a Large U.K. Retail Organization
研究英国一家大型服装零售商325家门店中销售助理离职率与劳动生产率的关系，发现离职率对生产率的影响取决于工作系统类型：兼职员工呈倒U型关系，全职员工呈负相关。
We study the relationship between sales assistant turnover and labor productivity in 325 stores of a large U.K. clothing retailer tracked over 1995–99. We find that the turnover-productivity relationship is contingent on type of work system. For a large group of part-timers, managed under a “secondary” work system, the relationship clearly has an inverted U-shape, but for the smaller group of full-timers, managed under a “commitment” system, the relationship is the conventional negative one. Implications for the contingency view of the link between turnover and productivity are discussed.