Changing Trends in International Manufacturing Productivity
利用卡尔曼滤波估计G7国家过去二十年的潜在劳动生产率增长趋势，发现1970年代生产率下降在各国的表现并不一致，而1980年代欧洲的相对增长率大致符合收敛假说，但美国趋势并未显著低于平均水平。
Underlying labor-productivity growth is estimated for each of the G7 countries over the last two decades. Underlying productivity is proxied by a stochastic trend, which is estimated using the Kalman filter. This technique allows the data to determine when changes in growth have occurred and is therefore less ad hoc than the split trends or dummies normally used. The results show that the decline in underlying productivity growth in the 1970s was far from uniform across countries. While relative growth rates in Europe in the 1980s are broadly consistent with the convergence hypothesis, U.S. trends do not appear at present to be significantly below average.