Prices and Health: Identifying the Effects of Nutrition, Exercise, and Medication Choices on Blood Pressure
利用食品价格、工资和非劳动收入作为工具变量，发现个人在营养摄入、运动和用药上的选择受这些外生因素影响，从而改变了这些行为对血压的估计效果，例如钠对血压的影响从正变负。
Abstract Biomedical studies suggest that a person's behavior matters to health, but these studies usually treat human choice as exogenous. This study shows that individual choices on nutrient intake, exercise, and use of medication are influenced by exogenous food prices, wages, and non‐labor income. Using these exogenous variables as instruments for endogenous behavior makes a big difference in the estimated impact of nutrient intake, exercise, and medication on blood pressure. For example, application of instrumental variables methods changes the impact of sodium on blood pressure from positive to negative and significant.