What’s holding back empirical research into organizational capabilities? Remedies for common problems
识别了组织能力实证研究中的主要问题，包括定量研究的测量问题和定性研究的识别问题，并针对每个问题提出解决或缓解建议。
Recent commentary on state of research in strategic management points to excessive attention to theory development and deficiencies in the empirical testing of these theories (Bettis, 2012; Miller and Tsang, 2010; Oxley et al., 2010). This criticism is especially pertinent to research into organizational capabilities, where empirical verification of constructs and relationships has lagged far behind conceptual and theoretical developments (Arend and Bromiley, 2009; Leiblein, 2011; Newbert, 2007). Despite a growing methodological sophistication in using statistical tests to ensure some dimensions of validity, fundamental impediments to reliability and validity in identifying and measuring organizational capabilities remain unrecognized and unresolved. In this article, we use a survey of the empirical literature on organizational capability to identify the principal problems that have impeded empirical research, and, for each problem, we offer recommendations for either resolving the problem or ameliorating its negative impact. Separate problems arise in each of the two main categories of empirical research into capabilities. In quantitative studies (both cross-sectional and panel sampling), the problems relate mainly to measurement; in qualitative, case study research, the problems relate mainly to identification. The Appendix describes our methodology in identifying and coding published articles on organizational capabilities.