Extreme work, gendered work? How extreme jobs and the discourse of ‘personal choice’ perpetuate gender inequality
这篇综述探讨了极端工作（长时间高强度工作）的制度、职业、组织和个人驱动因素，指出其源于符合性别化‘理想员工’规范的工作实践和话语，而非工作本质，并分析了其对性别平等、人类可持续性和长期生产力的负面影响。
This review sets extreme jobs in the context of the institutional, occupational, organizational and individual drivers of long hours and work intensification and identifies the consequences for gender equality, human sustainability and long-term productivity. We suggest that extreme jobs derive not from the ‘nature’ of managerial and professional work but from working practices and occupational discourses which have developed to suit the gendered norms of ‘ideal workers’. These practices and discourses encourage long hours rather than working-hours choices. Extreme jobs extend the gendered division of labour and increase the separation of work and non-work spheres; they are a structure of gender inequality. This review suggests that future research should seek to identify alternative but business-neutral working practices which contest the extreme ‘nature’ of managerial and professional work, measure the social value of non-work activities and deepen our understanding of the personal and social significance of non-work identities other than motherhood, and disentangle situational motivation, work passion and workaholism as motives for devoting long hours to work so that impacts on well-being and productivity can be more clearly understood.