Import Restrictions in the Presence of a Health Risk: An Illustration Using FMD
建立了一个将进口感染风险与关税联系起来的简单模型，并以美国从有口蹄疫国家进口牛肉为例，计算了不同风险水平下的额外关税。
Abstract We present a simple model linking infection risk from imports to a tariff. The risk causes the exporter of the infected product to face a higher tariff than would otherwise be the case. A numerical example is developed for U.S. beef imports from nations with Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (FMD). The additional tariffs are sensitive to the specification of risk and the expected magnitude of loss due to an FMD outbreak. For a low risk of importing FMD, the tariffs levied against the exporter of FMD‐infected beef are not prohibitive but become so as the risk or expected output loss rises.