Killing Me Softly: The Fetal Origins Hypothesis
回顾了胎儿起源假说，该假说认为成年后慢性病（如心脏病、糖尿病）可能由胎儿期营养等早期因素触发，经济学家扩展了研究范围，发现胎儿期冲击对测试成绩、教育、收入等有显著影响。
In the epidemiological literature, the fetal origins hypothesis associated with David J. Barker posits that chronic, degenerative conditions of adult health, including heart disease and type 2 diabetes, may be triggered by circumstances decades earlier, particularly, by in utero nutrition. Economists have expanded on this hypothesis, investigating a broader range of fetal shocks and circumstances and have found a wealth of later-life impacts on outcomes including test scores, educational attainment, and income, along with health. In the process, they have provided some of the most credible observational evidence in support of the hypothesis. The magnitude of the impacts is generally large. Thus, the fetal origins hypothesis has not only survived contact with economics, but has flourished.