The Wealth Accumulation of Antebellum European Immigrants to the U.S., 1840–60
利用1840-1850年间抵达美国的欧洲移民的乘客记录与1850、1860年人口普查数据，研究发现移民在美国居住每增加一年，实际财富增长10%，且这一快速积累并非源于初始财富差异或特定国籍/职业。
This article explores wealth accumulation among European immigrants who arrived in the United States between 1840 and 1850. It uses a new sample of immigrants linked from passenger-ship records to the 1850 and 1860 federal census manuscripts. These immigrants rapidly accumulated real and personal wealth. Their real wealth grew 10 percent with each year≈s residence in the United States. This was not because immigrants arriving in the early 1840s were wealthier at arrival than later arrivals, nor was the rapid accumulation of wealth confined to one nationality or occupation. Rather, it reflects these immigrants≈ abilities to adapt to new circumstances after their arrival.