Heights and Living Standards of English Workers During the Early Years of Industrializations, 1770–1815
利用流放澳大利亚的英国和爱尔兰男性囚犯身高数据，发现1780年后城市和农村出生男性身高下降、青少年生长突增延迟，表明工业革命期间英国工人生活水平下降。
We employed data on the heights of English and Irish male convicts transported to Australia to assess the living standards of workers between 1770 and 1815. Falling heights of urban-and rural-born males after 1780 and a delayed growth spurt for 13- to 23-year-old boys revealed declining living standards among English workers during the Industrial Revolution. This conclusion was supported by the fall in English workers' heights relative to that of convicts transported from Ireland. Significant urban-rural and regional variations in English living standards were revealed by using regression techniques.