THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE TYPES OF RURAL TOURISM
研究了苏格兰高地两种乡村旅游模式（软旅游与硬旅游）对当地经济的不同影响，发现软旅游更能嵌入本地经济，产生更高的收入和就业乘数，但硬旅游的人均消费更高。
Rural tourism has become an important part of many rural development strategies in the last decade. However, it has largely been ignored by rural economists. This paper examines the impact of different styles of tourism development on the local economy of Badenoch and Strathspey, in the Highlands of Scotland. Policy changes in tourism and agriculture are reviewed and the proportional multiplier method used in this study is explained. The study contrasts the repercussions on local economies of ‘soft’, land‐based tourism with those arising from ‘hard’, enclave forms of tourism. The results indicate that soft tourism is more embedded in the local economy and therefore generates higher local income and employment multipliers per unit of visitor spend. However, spend per head is higher for hard tourists, suggesting that development agencies may have to trade off the total volume of visitor spend against locally beneficial effects.