The Ties that Divide: A Network Analysis of the International Monetary System, 1890–1910
用网络分析方法研究19世纪末国际货币体系，发现其呈现三层结构，欧洲外汇联系紧密，拉丁美洲缺乏外汇联系，亚洲内部关系初现，美元崛起较晚。
Conventional studies of the late-nineteenth-century international monetary system refer heuristically to “core” and “peripheral” countries. In this article, we seek to provide rigorous foundations to such expressions. Applying a formal procedure borrowed from network analysis produces indices of centrality and systematic rankings. We show that the international monetary system of the late nineteenth century is best described as a three-tier system. Other findings include the discovery of a closely knitted European foreign exchange system, a complete lack of foreign exchange linkages within Latin America, emerging intra-Asian relations, and a fairly late ascendancy of the U.S. dollar.