Holdout in the Assembly of Complements: A Problem for Market Design
研究了互补品（如土地或分散频谱）组装中因卖家敲竹杠导致私人自愿组装失败的问题，探讨了用政府强制征收或鼓励竞争来缓解该问题的方案。
Holdout problems prevent private (voluntary and self-financing) assembly of complementary goods—such as land or dispersed spectrum—from many self-interested sellers. While mechanisms that fully respect sellers' property rights cannot alleviate these holdout problems, traditional solutions, such as the use of coercive government powers of “eminent domain” to expropriate property, can encourage wasteful and unfair assemblies. We discuss the problems holdout creates for the efficient operation of markets and how previous approaches have used regulated coercion to address these challenges. We then investigate when encouraging competition can partially or fully substitute for coercion, focusing particularly on questions of spectrum allocation.