Trade Barriers and Trade Flows across Countries and Industries
利用1988年41个国家的细分数据，同时考察非关税壁垒的政治经济决定因素以及关税和非关税保护对贸易流动的影响，发现国家倾向于保护弱势、衰退、政治重要或受进口竞争威胁的行业。
We use disaggregated data on trade flows, production, and trade barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of nontariff barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and nontariff) on trade flows. We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of trade barriers and trade flows. Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry- and country-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, politically important, or threatened by import competition, but provide less protection to industries in which exports are important. © 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology