Occupational Stressors, Individual Strains, and Social Supports among Police Officers
对121名美国中西部警察的调查发现，技能未充分利用、工作量过大和职业前景模糊等压力源与心理压力相关，且工具性社会支持反而加剧了压力，即“反向缓冲”效应。
In a survey of 121 police officers of a Midwestern state, it was found that occupational stressors (under-utilization of skills, quantitative workload, and job future ambiguity) and several types of social support are related to individual psychological strain. An interaction between occupational stressors and instrumental social support was opposite from the predictions of the buffering hypothesis, and explanations are offered for this "reverse buffering" result. Additionally, police in supervisory positions experience less stress and more social support than do nonsupervisory police officers.