Learning by Dying: Combat Performance in the Age of Sail
研究了1660至1815年间英国海军舰长战斗死亡率下降98%的现象，认为这是指挥官通过实战积累经验，加上高额金钱奖励共同推动的学习结果。
Between 1660 and 1815 the combat fatality rate among British navy captains fell by 98 percent, even as the combat success of the British Navy rose dramatically. Both developments can be explained as a result of learning by doing among British commanders. This learning was importantly driven by the extensive wartime experience accumulated over this period, combined with the unparalleled financial incentives for combat success offered to British commanders.