Expert Humans or Expert Organizations?
研究了技术变革如何通过改变沟通和信息流来增强组织知识库，同时带来子群体占用问题，提出了分析占用问题及应对机制的理论框架，指出专家组织应优先保持知识库的连续性。
Technological change can help to enhance an organization's knowledge base by facilitating communication and information flows. Changing communication and information flows, however, also creates appropriation opportunities for organizational sub-groups. Drawing empirical cases from the ESRC/DTI `New Technologies and the Firm' initiative, we put forward a theoretical framework for the analysis of potential appropriation problems and mechanisms for addressing them. If these mechanisms succeed, organizations can be seen as `expert'; i.e. knowledge flows are under the organization's control. If not, organizations may well employ `expert humans' but are unlikely to fully benefit from their knowledge. We suggest that expert organizations should prioritize the continuity of their knowledge base. Such a strategy not only carefully controls for the flow of personnel, but also avoids undue dependence on external knowledge suppliers.