Industrial accumulation and living standards in the long‐run: The São Paulo industrial working class, 1930–75, part i*
本文是两篇系列文章的第一篇，分析半工业化国家无产群体实际收入的长期趋势，以1930年代中期至1970年代中期巴西圣保罗工业工人阶级家庭为案例，讨论影响生活水平的因素及测量问题。
This is the first of two articles attempting to contribute to the debate on trends in absolute real incomes amongst propertyless groups in semi‐industrialized countries. The empirical evidence presented in both articles is addressed to evaluating the long‐term trend in the standard of living of industrial working‐class households in one of the principal industrial centres of the capitalist periphery (the Brazilian city of Sao Paulo) between the mid‐1930s and the mid‐1970s. This first article contains a more analytical discussion of the principal factors affecting the living standards of non‐property‐owning groups in poor capitalist countries, experiencing rapid transformations within both their agricultural and industrial sectors. Following this, some of the principal problems which arise in measuring the living standards of poor people in developing countries are briefly reviewed, as well as the solutions adopted and the data sources used in this study of households in the city of São Paulo. This first article also presents some background evidence on changes over time in some of the principal characteristics of Sao Paulo working‐class households: household size, age and sex composition, labour force participation and the relative contribution of different household members to total household income.