The Schooling Costs of Teenage Out-of-Wedlock Childbearing: Analysis with a Within-School Propensity-Score-Matching Estimator
利用1988年美国全国教育纵向调查数据，通过校内倾向得分匹配法，发现青少年非婚生育会显著降低教育程度，但影响小于简单均值比较的结果，且对低生育概率群体影响更大。
Teen out-of-wedlock mothers have lower education and earnings than do peers who have children later. This study uses the National Educational Longitudinal Survey of 1988 to examine the extent to which the apparent effects of out-of-wedlock teen childbearing are due to preexisting disadvantages of the young women and their families. We use a novel method that matches teen mothers to similar young women in their junior high school (that is, prior to pregnancy). We find that out-of-wedlock fertility reduces education substantially, although far less than the cross-sectional comparisons of means suggest. We further find that this effect is larger among those with lower probabilities of having a child out of wedlock. © 2003 President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.