Increasing Returns and Strategic Behavior: The Worker-Firm Ratio
构建了一个递增报酬经济模型，其中个体可选择成为工人或雇主。研究发现，随着经济规模扩大，雇主比例趋近于零；经济可演变为竞争、自然寡头或自然垄断，取决于规模经济的重要性。自然寡头下，复制无法消除不完全竞争带来的人均福利损失。
This article presents a model of an increasing returns economy in which each agent is allowed to choose his occupation; he can be a worker or an employer. It is shown that as the number of agents increases to infinity, the proportion of employers in the population approaches zero. A large economy can be a competitive economy, a natural oligopoly, or a natural monopoly, depending upon the asymptotic significance of scale economies. Replication does not eliminate the per capita welfare loss due to imperfect competition in the natural oligopoly case. The asymptotic behavior of income per head and its functional distribution are also discussed.