Complementary Resources and Cooperative Research: A Model of Research Joint Ventures Among Competitors
构建了一个研究合资企业模型，发现当企业拥有高度互补的技能和资源时，更倾向于在应用研究等专有性强的领域合作；大企业因更能获取合作收益而更有合作动机，但倾向于选择小合作伙伴以限制成果分享，这解释了日本企业间应用研究合作多且集中于大公司的现象。
We present a model of research joint ventures in which if firms have highly complementary skills and resources then they prefer to cooperate in areas where the technology is highly appropriable, as in applied research. The model also indicates that large firms have a greater incentive to cooperate because they are better positioned to capture the benefits of a research venture. These findings seem to explain why cooperative research among rival firms in Japan has been applied rather than basic and conducted frequently among large companies. But firms prefer as small a partner as possible to limit the sharing of research results, creating a tension that may make cooperative efforts among rivals difficult to manage. For this reason, cooperation with organizations, such as universities or nonprofit institutions, may be a viable alternative for firms looking for complementary skills and resources.