Budget-Constrained Frontier Measures of Fiscal Equality and Efficiency in Schooling
用成本间接产出距离函数分析学校财政改革对效率与公平的影响，发现支出均等化改革可能反而加剧学生成绩不平等，而效率提升带来的产出增长远超再分配效应。
Equality and efficiency are key issues in educational reform. Here the authors analyze the efficiency and equality consequences of various school finance reforms using a cost-indirect output distance function. This function readily models multiple-output production under conditions of budgetary constraint, and provides a natural measure of performance that is closely related to Farrell-type measures of efficiency. The analysis suggests that despite school district inefficiency, finance reforms can affect student achievement. However, any potential gains in output from redistribution are dwarfed by the potential gains from increased efficiency. More strikingly, the analysis demonstrates that budgetary reforms designed to equalize expenditures could actually increase the inequality of student achievement. © 1997 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology