How has the EU milk quota affected patterns of herd-size change?
利用马尔可夫链模型分析牛奶配额对德国和荷兰奶牛场规模结构的影响，发现配额降低了退出率但提高了整体和向上流动性，且荷兰受影响更强。
This paper analyses the impact of milk quotas on the size structure of dairy herds in two major EU milk-producing member states, Germany and the Netherlands, using Markov chain models. Four mobility indicators characterising structural change are developed and calculated. Structural change in the dairy sector as measured by the mobility measures is found to be affected by the milk quota scheme. In the quota period, mobility out of dairying is lower, but the overall and upward mobility increase. This effect is stronger in the Netherlands than in West Germany.