Estimation and Testing of the Union Wage Effect Using Panel Data
利用面板数据控制个体异质性后估计工会工资效应，发现效应为5-8%，远低于横截面估计的20%，并对传统固定效应模型进行规范检验，发现进入和退出工会的工人数据不支持传统模型。
We present estimates of the union wage effect controlling for unmeasured individual effects, and subject the conventional fixed-effects model to specification tests. For PSID men the union wage effect is 5-8% after controlling for person effects, as opposed to 20% in cross-section. Omnibus tests based on an unrestricted reduced form and instrumental variables tests based on differencing are consistent with conventional models. Tests based on comparing those who enter and leave union coverage provide evidence against the usual model. We find evidence for interactions between union status and other variables even after controlling for person effects.