Protectionism, Trade, and Measures of Damage from Exotic Species Introductions
结合贸易与生物入侵的简单模型，分析贸易自由化与保护主义如何影响外来物种引入造成的损害，并指出当前偏重农业损害的度量指标会误导对贸易限制效果的评价。
Unintentional introductions of nonindigenous plants, animals, and microbes cause significant ecological and agricultural crop damage worldwide. Trade in both manufactured and agricultural goods is a primary vector for such introductions. Fusing simple models of trade and biological introductions, we explore the links between trade, protectionism, and damage arising from exotic species introductions. We show that it is possible for freer trade to reduce damage arising from exotic species invasions. We also show how current measures of damage—heavily weighted toward agricultural damage—serve as misleading indicators of how restrictions to trade affect total losses arising from exotic species introductions.