Distribution of Gains from Research and Promotion in Multi‐Stage Production Systems: The Case of the U.S. Beef and Pork Industries
分析美国牛肉和猪肉产业中，由生产者资助的推广或研究项目带来的收益如何在产业链各环节分配，发现生产者从需求提升或成本降低中获得的收益通常小于从供给改善中获得的收益，且分配受农场与非农场投入替代性影响。
Abstract A producer‐financed program that leads to either an increase in retail demand from promotion or a decrease in marketing costs from research will generate returns to producers that are generally smaller than returns generated through an equivalent change in producer supply from research. The distribution of gains depends on the degree of substitutibility between farm and nonfarm inputs. Comparative statics of equal absolute changes in demand, supply, and marketing costs in the U.S. beef and pork industries show the significance of input substitutibility for distribution of gains, and sensitivity of the results to beef and pork demand interrelationships.