An Experimental Study of Collective Deliberation
通过实验研究商议对集体决策的影响，发现商议能缩小不同决策制度（如简单多数、三分之二多数、全体一致）的结果差异并提高效率，同时揭示商议中信息传递的稳定特征。
We study the effects of deliberation on collective decisions. In a series of experiments, we vary groups' preference distributions (between common and conflicting interests) and the institutions by which decisions are reached (simple majority, two-thirds majority, and unanimity). Without deliberation, different institutions generate significantly different outcomes, tracking the theoretical comparative statics. Deliberation, however, significantly diminishes institutional differences and uniformly improves efficiency. Furthermore, communication protocols exhibit an array of stable attributes: messages are public, consistently reveal private information, provide a good predictor for ultimate group choices, and follow particular (endogenous) sequencing.