Problem Solving, Planning, and Innovation. Part II. Speculations for Theory and Practice
论证了项目规划模型（PPM）作为应对复杂问题的集体行动规范策略，基于七个命题解释其如何指导动荡环境中的复杂问题解决，并避免其他集体问题解决模型的局限。
This paper argues that the Program Planning Model (PPM) provides a normative strategy of collective action for coping with complex problems. The argument is based on seven propositions which explain how the PPM guides complex problem solving in turbulent settings and avoids several basic limitations of alternative models of collfctive problem solving and decision making. The propositions represent new insights and speculative impressions that developed while conducting and reflecting on the longitudinal test of the PPM described in Part I of this paper (Van de Ven, 1980).