The Effect of Parents’ Schooling on Child’s Schooling: A Nonparametric Bounds Analysis
采用非参数边界分析方法，在较弱且部分可检验的假设下，估计父母受教育程度对子女受教育程度的平均因果效应，发现效应显著为正但远低于普通最小二乘估计。
A positive relation between parents' schooling and child's schooling does not necessarily reflect a causal relation. This article uses a new approach to identify intergenerational schooling effects: a nonparametric bounds analysis. By relying on relatively weak and in part testable assumptions, this article obtains informative bounds on the average causal impact of parents' schooling. The tightest bounds, using monotone instrumental variables, show that increasing mother's or father's schooling to a college degree has a positive effect on child's schooling that is significantly different from zero but substantially lower than the ordinary least squares estimates.