Services, industry evolution, and the competitive strategies of product firms
识别了产品企业提供的三类服务（平滑、适应和替代服务），并提出了这些服务随行业演进变化的命题，帮助管理者决定何时投资特定服务。
Services of different types have become increasingly important for product firms. While these firms mainly focus on products, managers and researchers lack a comprehensive framework to understand when to make significant investments in particular kinds of services. We identify three categories of product‐related services from a product firm—smoothing and adapting services, which complement products, and substitution services, which enable customers to pay for the use of a product without buying the product itself. We develop propositions about the relative level of these different kinds of services vis‐a‐vis industry evolution, as well as suggest how these services affect industry structure. We draw upon various literatures, though we conclude that the relationship between products and services is more complex and richer than any one literature suggests . Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.