Reactions of Nonparticipants as Additional Rather than Missing Data: Opportunities for Organizational Research
提出将组织研究中遇到的非参与者（未被邀请或拒绝参与的人）的反应视为额外数据而非缺失数据，并设计了五个关键节点来收集这些数据，为实地研究提供新机会。
Organizational research entails encounters with two groups of people who are usually labeled "nonparticipants": (1) those who are never asked to participate, but whom the investigator encounters during the data gathering, and (2) those selected to participate, but who cannot or will not do so. This paper demonstrates the value of these data for field research, particularly for studies that rely on questionnaires, interviews, and structured observations. The sequence of events typically associated with recruiting respondents and informants is proposed to create five key junctures at which research can be designed to gather such data. Ethical issues are raised concerning the use of information from nonparticipants.