From the Counting House to the Modern Office: Explaining Anglo-American Productivity Differences in Services, 1870–1990
研究发现美国在总体生产率上超越英国主要源于服务业而非工业，这一转变发生在1870年代从定制化、低量高利润网络型商业向标准化、高量低利润层级管理型商业过渡期间，而英国因教育水平较低和劳动力抵制导致技术扩散较慢。
The United States overtook Britain in comparative aggregate productivity levels primarily as a result of trends in services rather than trends in industry. This occurred during the transition from customized, low-volume, high-margin business organized on the basis of networks to standardized, high-volume, low-margin business with hierarchical management from the 1870s. This transformation from the counting house to the modern office was dependent on technologies that improved communications and information processing. The technologies were slower to diffuse in Britain as a result of lower levels of education and stronger labor-force resistance to intensification.