Product Quality and Vertical Integration in the Early Cotton Textile Industry
比较19世纪初英美棉纺织业，发现美国关税政策受马萨诸塞州棉纺厂影响，导致两国产品结构不同，而粗纺促进垂直整合，从而解释了美国产业整合的原因。
This article explores differences between the cotton industries in England and America in the early nineteenth century. I show that the two countries produced almost entirely different products: the Enlish made fine fabrics; the Americans, coarse. The cause of this disjunction is found in the American tariff policy, whichwas influenced by the Massachusetts cotton manufacturers. Since coarse spinning promoted vertical integration, the American product structure favored integration. This argument reveals that the variables analyzed were jointly determined, since the Massachusetts firms with the political clout to affect the tariff were vertically integrated.