Racing and Back-Pedalling into the Future: New Product Introduction and Organizational Mortality in the US Bicycle Industry, 1880-1918
研究了新产品引入对1880-1918年美国自行车制造商死亡率的影响，发现产品代际间适度重叠生产可降低死亡率，但过度重叠则有害。
We hypothesize that some overlap of production between and within product generations reduces firm mortality, as it allows firms to retain valuable routines. Excessive overlap, however, becomes harmful. An analysis of the effects of new product introduction on mortality rates among the population of US bicycle producers over 1880-1918 supports our hypotheses. Our results suggest the value of separating out the content effects of innovation, which are often positive, from the process effects which tend to be disruptive.