Poverty and Industrialization at the End of the “Phase-Transition” in the Czech Crown Lands
研究了1820年代末波希米亚Bunzlau县制度化贫困与原工业活动的关系，发现原工业发展降低了低收入群体的脆弱性，但吸引的移民加剧了资源竞争，总体上改善了贫困农民的处境。
What was the relationship between institutionalized poverty and protoindustrial activity in Bunzlau County of Bohemia at the end of the 1820s? The agriculturally weaker estates developed protoindustries and were therefore the first to institutionalize the care of the poor. Yet protoindustrial development decreased the vulnerability of those at the low end of the income distribution, although industrial activity attracted immigrants from agricultural estates. The immigrants competed for resources with the economically weak, thereby increasing the need for poor relief. On balance, however, protoindustrial activity ameliorated the lot of the destitute peasantry living in this mountainous region of northern Bohemia.