Integration of Spatial Markets
提出一个替代理论，假设买卖双方空间分散且区域内运输成本显著，将市场视为连锁寡头，并说明市场整合检验实际上是检验寡头定价过程。
Abstract Studies of spatial market integration draw their implications from a theory which assumes that there are no intraregional transport costs. An alternative theory is offered, based on the assumptions that buyers and sellers are spatially dispersed and intraregional transport costs are significant. This implies that the market is a linked oligopoly (or oligopsony) and that market integration tests are tests of alternative oligopoly price formation processes. For example, collusive basing‐point pricing produces results typically assumed to imply efficiently integrated markets, while competitive FOB pricing does not. The theoretical implications are illustrated with an analysis of hog prices in Canada.