The Ubiquity of Organization
系统由特定方式连接的要素组成，其性质取决于要素及其组织。正式组织用于开发和使用复杂知识，其普遍性可通过经济与演化原理解释，微观基础在于人类认知与动机导致的知识分化与整合。
Systems consist of selected elements which are connected in particular ways, and their properties depend both on the elements which they contain and on the organization of these elements. There are many kinds of systems; formal organizations serve to develop and use knowledge, especially complex knowledge, which is itself structured. The ubiquity of organization may be explained by economizing and evolutionary principles. The microfoundations of formal organizations, and of overall economic organization, are to be found in the cognitive capacities and motivations of humans, which lead to the differentiation and integration of knowledge. This theme is explored by bringing together the work of authors spread over two and a half centuries.