Transparency and Liquidity: A Comparison of Auction and Dealer Markets with Informed Trading
比较了不同透明度的拍卖市场和做市商市场，发现更高的透明度平均降低了不知情交易者的交易成本，但并非对所有交易规模都如此。
ABSTRACT Trading systems differ in their degree of transparency, here defined as the extent to which market makers can observe the size and direction of the current order flow. We investigate whether greater transparency enhances market liquidity by reducing the opportunities for taking advantage of uninformed participants. We compare the price formation process in several stylized trading systems with different degrees of transparency: various types of auction markets and a stylized dealer market. We find that greater transparency generates lower trading costs for uninformed traders on average, although not necessarily for every size of trade.