Poverty in the Antebellum Northeast: The View from New York State's Poor Relief Rolls
研究了美国内战前纽约州接受公共贫困救济的人口比例长期上升趋势，发现短期救济的增加集中在因疾病或失业需要帮助的健全成年人，且与市场生产和工资劳动的扩展相关。
This paper documents a secular increase during the antebellum period in the fraction of New York's population that received public poor relief. The increase was concentrated among able-bodied adults who required only short-term assistance during periods of sickness or unemployment. Cross-sectional patterns suggest that the rise of market production and the spread of wage labor in both urban-industrial and rural-agricultural sectors, rather than urbanization or industrialization, may have been responsible for the upward trend in short-term, ablebodied pauperism.